Coffee Descending to the Sea and Coconuts Climbing to the Mountains: Developments in Cash-Crop Cultivation in Minahasa, c. 1850–1875
This paper examines how the cultivation of coffee and coconuts, two major export crops in colonial Minahasa, impacted the local society. Both crops underwent regionally different developments. In the inland Tondano region, coffee production expanded simultaneously with the increase in the population...
Tallennettuna:
| Julkaisussa: | URI:https://journals.openedition.org/archipel, |
|---|---|
| Päätekijä: | |
| Aineistotyyppi: | Article ou chapitre numérique |
| Kieli: | Anglais |
| Julkaistu: |
Archipel
2025
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| Aiheet: | |
| Linkit: | Accès Université d'Orléans et IFPM Accès Université d'Orléans et IFPM |
| id |
openedition-oai:revues.org:archipel_7436 |
|---|---|
| record_format |
openedition |
| collection |
OpenEdition Journal |
| language |
Anglais |
| format |
Article ou chapitre numérique |
| building |
0/Bibliothèque numérique/ 1/Bibliothèque numérique/OpenEdition Journals/ |
| topic |
Indonésie agriculture Sulawesi Minahasa XIXe siècle cultures de rente agriculture Indonesia Sulawesi Minahasa 19th century cash-crop |
| spellingShingle |
Indonésie agriculture Sulawesi Minahasa XIXe siècle cultures de rente agriculture Indonesia Sulawesi Minahasa 19th century cash-crop Ota, Atsushi Coffee Descending to the Sea and Coconuts Climbing to the Mountains: Developments in Cash-Crop Cultivation in Minahasa, c. 1850–1875 |
| description |
This paper examines how the cultivation of coffee and coconuts, two major export crops in colonial Minahasa, impacted the local society. Both crops underwent regionally different developments. In the inland Tondano region, coffee production expanded simultaneously with the increase in the population and food production. In order to meet the demands of the government, cultivators increased their coffee production by adopting more land-intensive techniques. The population seems to have increased as a result of their efforts to expand the amount of labor required for coffee and rice cultivation. As the population grew, people increased rice production, adopting more labor-saving agricultural methods. In the coastal regions, increase in coffee cultivation was a more spontaneous development prompted by the rising price trend and the possibility of private ownership of the gardens after opening the land for cultivation. As the inland regions increasingly specialized in coffee and rice production, they obtained other foodstuffs such as coconut oil and fish from the coastal regions. The latter increased coconut cultivation to supply the demand from the interior and received rice in return. Improved roads and transport reinforced the local trade of these products. This is how in Minahasa, enforced coffee cultivation stimulated foodstuff cultivation in the interior, which enabled population growth there. Lack of food apart from rice in the interior stimulated the expansion of coconut cultivation on the coast, creating a division of labor between the environmentally different regions. |
| author |
Ota, Atsushi |
| author_facet |
Ota, Atsushi |
| author_sort |
Ota, Atsushi |
| title |
Coffee Descending to the Sea and Coconuts Climbing to the Mountains: Developments in Cash-Crop Cultivation in Minahasa, c. 1850–1875 |
| title_short |
Coffee Descending to the Sea and Coconuts Climbing to the Mountains: Developments in Cash-Crop Cultivation in Minahasa, c. 1850–1875 |
| title_full |
Coffee Descending to the Sea and Coconuts Climbing to the Mountains: Developments in Cash-Crop Cultivation in Minahasa, c. 1850–1875 |
| title_fullStr |
Coffee Descending to the Sea and Coconuts Climbing to the Mountains: Developments in Cash-Crop Cultivation in Minahasa, c. 1850–1875 |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Coffee Descending to the Sea and Coconuts Climbing to the Mountains: Developments in Cash-Crop Cultivation in Minahasa, c. 1850–1875 |
| title_sort |
coffee descending to the sea and coconuts climbing to the mountains: developments in cash-crop cultivation in minahasa, c. 1850–1875 |
| publisher |
Archipel |
| publishDate |
2025 |
| container_title |
URI:https://journals.openedition.org/archipel |
| url |
https://ezproxy.univ-orleans.fr/login?url=https://doi.org/10.4000/144x5 https://ezproxy.univ-orleans.fr/login?url=https://journals.openedition.org/archipel/7436 |
| _version_ |
1877292028744695808 |
| spelling |
openedition-oai:revues.org:archipel_7436 https://doi.org/10.4000/144x5 urn:doi:10.4000/144x5 en https://journals.openedition.org/archipel/7436 2025-06-16T02:00:00Z info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess article info:eu-repo/semantics/article urn:handle:20.500.13089/144x5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Coffee Descending to the Sea and Coconuts Climbing to the Mountains: Developments in Cash-Crop Cultivation in Minahasa, c. 1850–1875 Archipel Association Archipel info:eu-repo/semantics/reference/issn/2104-3655 info:eu-repo/semantics/reference/issn/0044-8613 URI:https://journals.openedition.org/archipel Ota, Atsushi Indonésie agriculture Sulawesi Minahasa XIXe siècle cultures de rente agriculture Indonesia Sulawesi Minahasa 19th century cash-crop This paper examines how the cultivation of coffee and coconuts, two major export crops in colonial Minahasa, impacted the local society. Both crops underwent regionally different developments. In the inland Tondano region, coffee production expanded simultaneously with the increase in the population and food production. In order to meet the demands of the government, cultivators increased their coffee production by adopting more land-intensive techniques. The population seems to have increased as a result of their efforts to expand the amount of labor required for coffee and rice cultivation. As the population grew, people increased rice production, adopting more labor-saving agricultural methods. In the coastal regions, increase in coffee cultivation was a more spontaneous development prompted by the rising price trend and the possibility of private ownership of the gardens after opening the land for cultivation. As the inland regions increasingly specialized in coffee and rice production, they obtained other foodstuffs such as coconut oil and fish from the coastal regions. The latter increased coconut cultivation to supply the demand from the interior and received rice in return. Improved roads and transport reinforced the local trade of these products. This is how in Minahasa, enforced coffee cultivation stimulated foodstuff cultivation in the interior, which enabled population growth there. Lack of food apart from rice in the interior stimulated the expansion of coconut cultivation on the coast, creating a division of labor between the environmentally different regions. Cet article examine lʼimpact sur la société locale des cultures du café et de la noix de coco, deux cultures dʼexportation majeures dans le Minahasa colonial, qui ont connu des évolutions régionales différentes. Dans la région intérieure de Tondano, la production de café a progressé parallèlement à lʼaugmentation de la population et de la production alimentaire. Afin de répondre aux exigences du gouvernement, les cultivateurs ont accru leur production de café en adoptant des techniques plus exigeantes en terres. La population semble avoir augmenté en raison des efforts pour accroître la main-dʼœuvre nécessaire à la culture du café et du riz. La riziculture s’est développée à mesure que la population augmentait, en adoptant des méthodes agricoles plus économes en main-dʼœuvre. Dans les régions côtières, lʼessor de la culture du café a été plus spontané, stimulé par la hausse des prix et la possibilité d’acquisition privée des jardins après lʼouverture des terres à la culture. À mesure que les régions intérieures se spécialisaient dans les cultures du café et du riz, les populations se sont approvisionnées en d’autres denrées alimentaires, comme lʼhuile de coco et le poisson, provenant des régions côtières. Ces dernières ont développé la culture de la noix de coco pour répondre à la demande des régions intérieures et ont reçu du riz en retour. Lʼamélioration des routes et des transports a renforcé le commerce local de ces produits. C’est ainsi quʼà Minahasa, la culture forcée du café a stimulé la culture vivrière dans lʼintérieur des terres, ce qui a permis la croissance démographique. Le manque de nourriture, hormis le riz, à lʼintérieur des terres a stimulé lʼexpansion de la culture de la noix de coco sur la côte, créant une division du travail entre les régions écologiquement différentes. |