Interférences et conflits de schèmes dans l'usage d'outils professionnels : le cas d'un fichier cartographique de navigation
INTERFERENCES AND CONFLICTS OF SCHEMES IN USING PROFESSIONAL TOOLS : THE CASE OF A NAVIGATION CARTOGRAPHIC FILE The paper claims that interferences of schemes might explain difficulties observed by operators in using professional tools. The argumentation is developed on the case of a cartographic f...
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| Hlavní autoři: | , |
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| Médium: | Article ou chapitre numérique |
| Jazyk: | Français |
| Vydáno: |
2001
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| Témata: | |
| On-line přístup: | Accès Université d'Orléans et IFPM Accès Université d'Orléans et IFPM |
| Shrnutí: | INTERFERENCES AND CONFLICTS OF SCHEMES IN USING PROFESSIONAL TOOLS : THE CASE OF A NAVIGATION CARTOGRAPHIC FILE
The paper claims that interferences of schemes might explain difficulties observed by operators in using professional tools. The argumentation is developed on the case of a cartographic file, designed to be used by rescue services when going to an intervention place. The proposed hypothesis is that procedures required for efficient use of such a tool may interact with preexisting schemes, which act as precursors both in a constructive way (as being based on similar invariants) and in a restrictive way (as triggering a different organisation of action). Moreover, several schemes may be involved, whose interaction may lead to conflicts. The notion of dominant scheme is presented as an invariant organisation of action which is valid for a wide class of situations, difficult to inhibit, and shared by a large community of actors. The cartographic file is analysed from the point of view of the required procedures of use and of the possible precursors schemes, which might conflict. Three schemes are identified : the scheme of reading, a scheme used in plane representation, and a scheme for indexing and ordering items in a sequential file organised as a book. An experimental analysis is presented : beginners and experienced firefighters were asked to perform three type of tasks, for analysing : 1 / how they organise a small-scale cartographic file, and index its items ; 2 / what their knowledge of the structure of the professional cartographic file is ; and 3 / how they perform a navigation task with two organisations of a cartographic file : the professional one, and a modified file organised in coherence with a scheme of indexation. Results confirm the existence of interferences between schemes, and show the existence of a dominant scheme for indexation, based on the alphanumerical order. In the population of professionals, the two schemes of reading and of plane representing act as precursors for structuring a cartographic file. The dominant scheme for indexing and ordering items sequentially organised in a book is in conflict with the coding of items in the professional tool. As a consequence of this study, modifications were introduced in order to enhance navigation through the file, without engaging in a strong modification of the spatial coding, and training was designed in order to promote a more operative representation of the cartographic file by its users. |
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