In Existence and in Nonexistence: Types, Tokens, and the Analysis of Dawarān as a Test for Causation
Qiyās, or “correlational inference” (often glossed as “analogy”), comprises a primary set of methodological tools recognized by a majority of premodern Sunnī jurists. Its elements, valid modes, and proper applications were the focus of continual argument and refinement. A particular area of debate w...
Sábháilte in:
| Foilsithe in: | URI:https://journals.openedition.org/methodos, |
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| Príomhchruthaitheoirí: | , |
| Formáid: | Article ou chapitre numérique |
| Teanga: | Anglais |
| Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: |
Methodos
2022
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| Ábhair: | |
| Rochtain ar líne: | Accès Université d'Orléans et IFPM Accès Université d'Orléans et IFPM |
| id |
openedition-oai:revues.org:methodos_8838 |
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| record_format |
openedition |
| collection |
OpenEdition Journal |
| language |
Anglais |
| format |
Article ou chapitre numérique |
| building |
0/Bibliothèque numérique/ 1/Bibliothèque numérique/OpenEdition Journals/ |
| topic |
analogy dialectic argumentation theory causal concomitance Islamicate disputation theory qiyās correlational inference dawarān taʿlīl causal justification abduction argument to the best explanation analogie dialectique théorie de l'argumentation théorie Islamique de la disputation qiyās inférence corrélationnelle dawarān causal concomitance taʿlīl justification causale abduction argument à la meilleure explication |
| spellingShingle |
analogy dialectic argumentation theory causal concomitance Islamicate disputation theory qiyās correlational inference dawarān taʿlīl causal justification abduction argument to the best explanation analogie dialectique théorie de l'argumentation théorie Islamique de la disputation qiyās inférence corrélationnelle dawarān causal concomitance taʿlīl justification causale abduction argument à la meilleure explication Rahman, Shahid Young, Walter Edward In Existence and in Nonexistence: Types, Tokens, and the Analysis of Dawarān as a Test for Causation |
| description |
Qiyās, or “correlational inference” (often glossed as “analogy”), comprises a primary set of methodological tools recognized by a majority of premodern Sunnī jurists. Its elements, valid modes, and proper applications were the focus of continual argument and refinement. A particular area of debate was the methodology of determining or justifying the ʿilla: the legal cause (or occasioning factor, or ratio legis) giving rise to a ruling in God’s Law. This was most often discussed (and disputed) under the rubric of “the modes of causal justification” (masālik al-taʿlīl). Among these modes was the much debated test of dawarān (concomitance of presumed cause and effect). In brief, proponents of dawarān employed it to justify claims that a property (waṣf) occasioned the ruling (ḥukm) in an authoritative source-case (aṣl). In concert with other considerations, the demonstrated co-presence (ṭard) and co-absence (ʿaks) of property and ruling—that is, their concomitance “in existence” (wujūdan) and “in nonexistence” (ʿadaman)— was taken as an indication that the property was the ruling’s ʿilla. Delving further into dawarān and causation (ʿilliyya), the current study interprets “in existence” and “in nonexistence” not as a kind of metaphor for true and false (within the framework of a classical truth-functional formal semantics), but as an accurate terminology vis-à-vis the meaning of causality statements, fully compatible with dominant Islamicate views on causal agency. In brief, a deeper logical and linguistic analysis of the different existential modes of dawarān strongly suggests that we should distinguish property (or phenomenon) and ruling (or effect) as types (concepts or propositions linguistically expressed by a sentence) as opposed to tokens (instantiations of the type; the real, ontological events that verify the proposition). Our reading of dawarān as shaped by a finer-grained structure not only allows us to identify the efficient occasioning process as a function which takes some particular token of the ʿilla (arguably, the property or properties which provide the ruling’s material cause) and renders a token of the general ruling type, but it allows us to elucidate the role of taʿlīl (causal justification) in shaping an epistemological theory of argument to the best explanation: a sophisticated, premodern manifestation of abductive reasoning. |
| author |
Rahman, Shahid Young, Walter Edward |
| author_facet |
Rahman, Shahid Young, Walter Edward |
| author_sort |
Rahman, Shahid |
| title |
In Existence and in Nonexistence: Types, Tokens, and the Analysis of Dawarān as a Test for Causation |
| title_short |
In Existence and in Nonexistence: Types, Tokens, and the Analysis of Dawarān as a Test for Causation |
| title_full |
In Existence and in Nonexistence: Types, Tokens, and the Analysis of Dawarān as a Test for Causation |
| title_fullStr |
In Existence and in Nonexistence: Types, Tokens, and the Analysis of Dawarān as a Test for Causation |
| title_full_unstemmed |
In Existence and in Nonexistence: Types, Tokens, and the Analysis of Dawarān as a Test for Causation |
| title_sort |
in existence and in nonexistence: types, tokens, and the analysis of dawarān as a test for causation |
| publisher |
Methodos |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| container_title |
URI:https://journals.openedition.org/methodos |
| url |
https://ezproxy.univ-orleans.fr/login?url=https://doi.org/10.4000/methodos.8838 https://ezproxy.univ-orleans.fr/login?url=https://journals.openedition.org/methodos/8838 |
| _version_ |
1877293173225553920 |
| spelling |
openedition-oai:revues.org:methodos_8838 https://doi.org/10.4000/methodos.8838 urn:doi:10.4000/methodos.8838 en https://journals.openedition.org/methodos/8838 2022-05-31T02:00:00Z info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess article info:eu-repo/semantics/article urn:handle:20.500.13089/i9r4 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ In Existence and in Nonexistence: Types, Tokens, and the Analysis of Dawarān as a Test for Causation Methodos Savoirs textes langage - UMR 8163 info:eu-repo/semantics/reference/issn/1769-7379 info:eu-repo/semantics/reference/issn/1626-0600 URI:https://journals.openedition.org/methodos Rahman, Shahid Young, Walter Edward analogy dialectic argumentation theory causal concomitance Islamicate disputation theory qiyās correlational inference dawarān taʿlīl causal justification abduction argument to the best explanation analogie dialectique théorie de l'argumentation théorie Islamique de la disputation qiyās inférence corrélationnelle dawarān causal concomitance taʿlīl justification causale abduction argument à la meilleure explication Qiyās, or “correlational inference” (often glossed as “analogy”), comprises a primary set of methodological tools recognized by a majority of premodern Sunnī jurists. Its elements, valid modes, and proper applications were the focus of continual argument and refinement. A particular area of debate was the methodology of determining or justifying the ʿilla: the legal cause (or occasioning factor, or ratio legis) giving rise to a ruling in God’s Law. This was most often discussed (and disputed) under the rubric of “the modes of causal justification” (masālik al-taʿlīl). Among these modes was the much debated test of dawarān (concomitance of presumed cause and effect). In brief, proponents of dawarān employed it to justify claims that a property (waṣf) occasioned the ruling (ḥukm) in an authoritative source-case (aṣl). In concert with other considerations, the demonstrated co-presence (ṭard) and co-absence (ʿaks) of property and ruling—that is, their concomitance “in existence” (wujūdan) and “in nonexistence” (ʿadaman)— was taken as an indication that the property was the ruling’s ʿilla. Delving further into dawarān and causation (ʿilliyya), the current study interprets “in existence” and “in nonexistence” not as a kind of metaphor for true and false (within the framework of a classical truth-functional formal semantics), but as an accurate terminology vis-à-vis the meaning of causality statements, fully compatible with dominant Islamicate views on causal agency. In brief, a deeper logical and linguistic analysis of the different existential modes of dawarān strongly suggests that we should distinguish property (or phenomenon) and ruling (or effect) as types (concepts or propositions linguistically expressed by a sentence) as opposed to tokens (instantiations of the type; the real, ontological events that verify the proposition). Our reading of dawarān as shaped by a finer-grained structure not only allows us to identify the efficient occasioning process as a function which takes some particular token of the ʿilla (arguably, the property or properties which provide the ruling’s material cause) and renders a token of the general ruling type, but it allows us to elucidate the role of taʿlīl (causal justification) in shaping an epistemological theory of argument to the best explanation: a sophisticated, premodern manifestation of abductive reasoning. Qiyās, ou « inférence corrélationnelle » (souvent traduite sous le terme « analogie »), comprend un ensemble d'outils méthodologiques primaire reconnus par une majorité de juristes Sunnīs prémodernes. Ses éléments, ses modes valides et ses applications appropriées étaient au centre d'un argument et d'un raffinement continus. Un domaine particulier de débat était la méthodologie de détermination ou de justification de la ʿilla : la cause légale (ou facteur occasionnant, ou ratio legis) donnant lieu à une règle selon la Loi de Dieu. Cette méthodologie a été le plus souvent discutée (et contestée) sous la rubrique « des modes de justification causale » (masālik al-taʿlīl). Parmi ces modes figurait le test très controversé du dawarān (concomitance de cause et d'effet présumés). En bref, les partisans du dawarān l'ont utilisé pour justifier les affirmations selon lesquelles une propriété (waṣf) occasionnait la règle (ḥukm) dans un cas source faisant autorité (aṣl). De concert avec d'autres considérations, la co-présence (ṭard) et la co-absence (ʿaks) démontrées de la propriété et de la règle, c'est-à-dire leur concomitance « dans l'existence » (wujūdan) et « dans la non-existence » (ʿadaman) – a été prise comme une indication que la propriété était la ʿilla de la règle. En approfondissant le dawarān et la causalité (ʿilliyya), la présente étude interprète « dans l'existence » et « dans la non-existence » non pas comme une sorte de métaphore du vrai et du faux (dans le cadre d'une sémantique formelle fonctionnelle de la vérité classique), mais comme une terminologie précise vis-à-vis de la signification des déclarations de causalité, entièrement compatible avec les vues islamiques dominantes sur l'agence causale. En bref, une analyse logique et linguistique plus approfondie des différents modes existentiels du dawarān suggère fortement que nous devrions distinguer la propriété (ou le phénomène) et la règle (ou l'effet) en tant que types (concepts ou propositions exprimés linguistiquement par une phrase) par opposition aux jetons (instanciations du type ; les événements ontologiques réels qui vérifient la proposition). Notre lecture du dawarān comme étant façonné par une structure plus fine nous permet non seulement d'identifier le processus d'occasion efficace en tant que fonction prenant un jeton particulier de la ‘illa (sans doute, la propriété ou les propriétés qui procurent la cause matérielle de la décision) et rend un jeton du type général de règle, mais il nous permet également d'élucider le rôle du taʿlīl (justification causale) dans la formation d'une théorie épistémologique de l'argument à la meilleure explication : une manifestation sophistiquée et prémoderne du raisonnement abductif. |