The “Great Meme War:” the Alt-Right and its Multifarious Enemies
In this essay, I discuss how the alt-right has brought back into fashion traditional tenets of the reactionary, xenophobic, and often racist far-right, as demonstrated by George Hawley, and how it has managed to make these tenets appear as novel, provocative, and updated to the 21st century U.S. soc...
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| Argitaratua izan da: | URI:https://journals.openedition.org/angles, |
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| Formatua: | Article ou chapitre numérique |
| Hizkuntza: | Anglais |
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Angles
2020
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openedition-oai:revues.org:angles_369 |
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openedition |
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OpenEdition Journal |
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Anglais |
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Article ou chapitre numérique |
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0/Bibliothèque numérique/ 1/Bibliothèque numérique/OpenEdition Journals/ |
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image ennemie altérité alt-right mèmes internet réseaux sociaux nationalisme blanc métapolitique droite radicale droite alternative mouvements en ligne antagonisme stéréotypes Trump Donald médias de masse marxisme culturel théories du complot trolling terrorisme d’extrême-droite récit élection présidentielle américaine enemy image alt-right internet memes social media white nationalism metapolitics radical right alternative right online movements antagonism othering stereotypes Trump Donald mainstream media Cultural Marxism conspiracy theories trolling right-wing terrorism narrative U.S. presidential election |
| spellingShingle |
image ennemie altérité alt-right mèmes internet réseaux sociaux nationalisme blanc métapolitique droite radicale droite alternative mouvements en ligne antagonisme stéréotypes Trump Donald médias de masse marxisme culturel théories du complot trolling terrorisme d’extrême-droite récit élection présidentielle américaine enemy image alt-right internet memes social media white nationalism metapolitics radical right alternative right online movements antagonism othering stereotypes Trump Donald mainstream media Cultural Marxism conspiracy theories trolling right-wing terrorism narrative U.S. presidential election Dafaure, Maxime The “Great Meme War:” the Alt-Right and its Multifarious Enemies |
| description |
In this essay, I discuss how the alt-right has brought back into fashion traditional tenets of the reactionary, xenophobic, and often racist far-right, as demonstrated by George Hawley, and how it has managed to make these tenets appear as novel, provocative, and updated to the 21st century U.S. society and digital environment. I argue that to do so, alt-righters relied heavily on the creation, and sometimes reappropriation, of enemy images, with the ultimate goals of provoking outrage, instilling fear and/or hatred towards specific groups, reinforcing a sense of belonging within their own community, or more broadly manipulating collective perceptions and representations, first online then in real life. Indeed, the election of Donald Trump was hailed by the online alt-right as one of their major successes. With the help of irony, subversion, and often carefully engineered propaganda-like messages and images, the alt-right, it boasts, “meme’d into office” the Republican candidate. This paper consequently leads to an analysis of real-life repercussions of such adversarial rhetoric, notably through examples of recent far-right domestic terrorism in the US, and to a reflection on their place in an age of post-truth, fake news, and alternative facts. This contribution focuses on several enemy images. The first is that of the civilizational enemy from the outside, which uses the traditional process of othering. This theme is linked to Trump’s campaign and to his attacks against two major “enemies” of the U.S., namely Hispanics and Muslims. With the alt-right, refugees for example become “rapefugees,” which easily appeals to rampant islamophobia. The second enemy image created by the alt-right consists in its ideological opponents. Here, the function of the enemy image is to discredit opponents and their views (“cuckservative,” “feminazi,” or the sarcastic “Social Justice Warrior”). The third enemy image establishes a link between the first two. It depicts what I would call the “enemy within,” a common thread (or threat) in far-right ideologies. Indeed, cultural Marxism, a widespread conspiracy theory among the alt-right, is what its proponents believe to be the hidden reason for the perceived decline of the Western civilization. According to this worldview, the ideological opponents push a conspiracy against the West and its values. The recurring claims of a liberal bias among the media and academia also belong to this conspiracy theory. It also embraces elements of anti-Semitism, as well as traditional aspects of anti-communism, reminiscent of the historical Red Scares. Such a theory thus provides its believers with a broader narrative, as well as with a common enemy to rally against, and therefore builds a form of intersectionality among various online fringe groups. |
| author |
Dafaure, Maxime |
| author_facet |
Dafaure, Maxime |
| author_sort |
Dafaure, Maxime |
| title |
The “Great Meme War:” the Alt-Right and its Multifarious Enemies |
| title_short |
The “Great Meme War:” the Alt-Right and its Multifarious Enemies |
| title_full |
The “Great Meme War:” the Alt-Right and its Multifarious Enemies |
| title_fullStr |
The “Great Meme War:” the Alt-Right and its Multifarious Enemies |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The “Great Meme War:” the Alt-Right and its Multifarious Enemies |
| title_sort |
“great meme war:” the alt-right and its multifarious enemies |
| publisher |
Angles |
| publishDate |
2020 |
| container_title |
URI:https://journals.openedition.org/angles |
| url |
https://ezproxy.univ-orleans.fr/login?url=https://doi.org/10.4000/angles.369 https://ezproxy.univ-orleans.fr/login?url=https://journals.openedition.org/angles/369 |
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1877293947766702080 |
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openedition-oai:revues.org:angles_369 https://doi.org/10.4000/angles.369 urn:doi:10.4000/angles.369 en https://journals.openedition.org/angles/369 2020-07-16T02:00:00Z info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess article info:eu-repo/semantics/article urn:handle:20.500.13089/9myd https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ The “Great Meme War:” the Alt-Right and its Multifarious Enemies Angles Société des Anglicistes de l'Enseignement Supérieur info:eu-repo/semantics/reference/issn/2274-2042 URI:https://journals.openedition.org/angles Dafaure, Maxime image ennemie altérité alt-right mèmes internet réseaux sociaux nationalisme blanc métapolitique droite radicale droite alternative mouvements en ligne antagonisme stéréotypes Trump Donald médias de masse marxisme culturel théories du complot trolling terrorisme d’extrême-droite récit élection présidentielle américaine enemy image alt-right internet memes social media white nationalism metapolitics radical right alternative right online movements antagonism othering stereotypes Trump Donald mainstream media Cultural Marxism conspiracy theories trolling right-wing terrorism narrative U.S. presidential election In this essay, I discuss how the alt-right has brought back into fashion traditional tenets of the reactionary, xenophobic, and often racist far-right, as demonstrated by George Hawley, and how it has managed to make these tenets appear as novel, provocative, and updated to the 21st century U.S. society and digital environment. I argue that to do so, alt-righters relied heavily on the creation, and sometimes reappropriation, of enemy images, with the ultimate goals of provoking outrage, instilling fear and/or hatred towards specific groups, reinforcing a sense of belonging within their own community, or more broadly manipulating collective perceptions and representations, first online then in real life. Indeed, the election of Donald Trump was hailed by the online alt-right as one of their major successes. With the help of irony, subversion, and often carefully engineered propaganda-like messages and images, the alt-right, it boasts, “meme’d into office” the Republican candidate. This paper consequently leads to an analysis of real-life repercussions of such adversarial rhetoric, notably through examples of recent far-right domestic terrorism in the US, and to a reflection on their place in an age of post-truth, fake news, and alternative facts. This contribution focuses on several enemy images. The first is that of the civilizational enemy from the outside, which uses the traditional process of othering. This theme is linked to Trump’s campaign and to his attacks against two major “enemies” of the U.S., namely Hispanics and Muslims. With the alt-right, refugees for example become “rapefugees,” which easily appeals to rampant islamophobia. The second enemy image created by the alt-right consists in its ideological opponents. Here, the function of the enemy image is to discredit opponents and their views (“cuckservative,” “feminazi,” or the sarcastic “Social Justice Warrior”). The third enemy image establishes a link between the first two. It depicts what I would call the “enemy within,” a common thread (or threat) in far-right ideologies. Indeed, cultural Marxism, a widespread conspiracy theory among the alt-right, is what its proponents believe to be the hidden reason for the perceived decline of the Western civilization. According to this worldview, the ideological opponents push a conspiracy against the West and its values. The recurring claims of a liberal bias among the media and academia also belong to this conspiracy theory. It also embraces elements of anti-Semitism, as well as traditional aspects of anti-communism, reminiscent of the historical Red Scares. Such a theory thus provides its believers with a broader narrative, as well as with a common enemy to rally against, and therefore builds a form of intersectionality among various online fringe groups. Dans cet article, je traite de la façon dont l’alt-right a su remettre au goût du jour des doctrines traditionnelles de l’extrême-droite réactionnaire, xénophobe, et bien souvent raciste, comme a pu le démontrer George Hawley, ainsi que la manière dont ces principes ont été présentés comme nouveaux, provocateurs, et réactualisés à l’aune de la société américaine et de l’environnement digital contemporains. Pour ce faire, j’affirme que les membres de l’alt-right ont largement compté sur la création, et parfois la réappropriation d’images ennemies, avec pour objectifs ultimes de provoquer l’indignation, d’instiller peur et/ou haine de certains groupes spécifiques, de renforcer le sentiment d’appartenance dans leur propre communauté, ou plus largement de manipuler les perceptions et représentations collectives, d’abord en ligne, puis dans la réalité. L’élection de Donald Trump a été saluée par l’alt-right comme l’un de ses principaux succès. A l’aide d’ironie, de subversion, et d’images et messages souvent méticuleusement construits, l’alt-right se vante d’avoir fait élire le candidat républicain grâce aux mèmes, l’arme de prédilection dans les guerres culturelles en ligne. Cet article analyse les répercussions dans le monde réel de telles pratiques rhétoriques antagonistes, notablement à travers des exemples récents de terrorisme domestique d’extrême-droite aux Etats-Unis, et à une réflexion sur leur place dans une ère souvent qualifiée de post-vérité, faite de « fake news » et de faits alternatifs. Cet article s’intéresse alors plusieurs images ennemies. La première est celle de l’ennemi civilisationnel venu de l’extérieur, qui repose sur l’usage de processus traditionnels d’altérité. Ce thème est lié à la campagne de Trump et à ses attaques contre deux ennemis majeurs des Etats-Unis, les hispaniques et les musulmans. Avec l’alt-right, les refugiés deviennent ainsi des « rapefugees » (i.e. des violeurs déguisés en réfugiés), une formulation destinée à attiser une islamophobie grandissante en Amérique et en Europe. La deuxième image ennemie créée par l’alt-right est constituée de ses ennemis idéologiques. La fonction de cette image ennemie est de discréditer les opposants idéologiques et leurs vues (avec des mots-valises tels que « cuckservative », « feminazi », ou le sarcastique « Social Justice Warrior ».) La troisième image ennemie établit un lien entre les deux premières. Elle dépeint ce que j’appellerais l’ennemi de l’intérieur, une menace récurrente aux idéologies d’extrême-droite. En effet, le marxisme culturel, une théorie du complot répandue dans les cercles de l’alt-right, serait la force se cachant derrière le « déclin » de la civilisation occidentale. D’après cette vision du monde, les antagonistes idéologiques participant à un complot délibéré contre l’Ouest et ses valeurs. Les attaques récurrentes contre un supposé biais « gauchiste » des médias et du monde universitaire font partie de cette théorie conspirationniste, et ont contribué à sa diffusion. Elle épouse également des éléments d’antisémitisme, ainsi que des vues anti-communistes traditionnelles, qui ne sont pas sans rappeler les Peurs rouges historiques. Une telle théorie fournit donc à ses partisans un récit bien établi censé démystifier la complexité du monde, ainsi que des ennemis communs contre lesquels se rallier, et construit ainsi une forme d’intersectionnalité entre différents groupes marginaux présents en ligne. |